{"id":134,"date":"2017-08-30T07:01:31","date_gmt":"2017-08-30T11:01:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/storynations.utoronto.ca\/?p=134"},"modified":"2020-10-02T12:04:44","modified_gmt":"2020-10-02T16:04:44","slug":"along-the-river","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/storynations.utoronto.ca\/index.php\/along-the-river\/","title":{"rendered":"Episode 4: Along the River"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Click on the \u201cplay\u201d button to hear the diary episode read aloud, and<\/i><\/span> <\/span>click<\/i><\/span><\/span> on the [anno]green tab[\/anno] to learn more about a word or phrase.
Find Du Vernet on a map<\/a>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Keenora at Fort Frances, 1899. Library and Archives Canada.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

At 10 P.M. I went to bed on the [anno]Keenora{note}The S.S. Keenora was a steamer built in 1897 to carry passengers and cargo up and down the Lake of the Woods and Rainy River from Rat Portage to Fort Frances. Read more.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Keenora at Fort Frances in 1899. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno]. The heat was intense. We sailed at midnight. Later, there was an [anno]electrical storm{note}A thunderstorm.[\/anno] which I got up to watch, which was very grand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At about 8 A.M. Thursday July 14th we reached the mouth of the [anno]Rainy River{note}The Rainy River is a 136-kilometer-long river that forms part of what became the border of Canada and the United States, separating northwestern Ontario from Minnesota. It flows from the Rainy Lake in the east into the south end of the Lake of the Woods in the west. It has historically been an important connecting waterway for both Indigenous and European peoples. Read more<\/a>.[\/anno]. On the [anno]American side{note}The international border between Canada the United States still follows the twists and turns of the Rainy River. This division was established by American and British officials without consideration of Ojibwe families or their movement. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
A pamphlet from 1795 that contains information about the Jay Treaty. Courtesy of The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno] there is a fishing station, and on the Canadian side of the [anno]Indian Reserve{note}Hungry Hall No. 1 and 2 were two Ojibwe Indian Reserves situated on the Rainy River’s western mouth at the Lake of the Woods. Like Long Sault, Manitou Rapids and Little Forks, the Hungry Hall reserves came into existence in 1873 under Treaty 3. In 1914 and 1915 the government closed Hungry Hall along with  the other Rainy River Indian Reserves, forcibly moving people from their homes to Manitou Rapids, where the government amalgamated the Rainy River Reserves. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Plan of Indian reserves, townships No. 2 & No. 3, ranges 21 & 22 east of Principal Meridian. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno], a number of houses. Some are closed for the summer, the [anno]Indians{note}Du Vernet constantly refers to the Ojibwe peoples he encounters as \u201cIndians\u201d \u2013 his use of the word reflects the language and concepts of his day. The category of \u201cIndian\u201d became a legal designation in Canada with the \u201cIndian Act.\u201d As a distorting collective noun for diverse Indigenous peoples the category of Indian originated in a profound error. As the story goes, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492 he believed he had arrived in India \u2013 and therefore called the peoples he encountered Indians, ignoring their diverse languages, spiritual traditions, and forms of governance. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
A section of the 1876 Indian Act. Courtesy of Early Canada Online.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno] being away. Some of these houses are shingled, others are covered with bark, and there were also summer [anno]wigwams{note}A wigwam is a dome-shaped dwelling, built with young saplings for a frame. It is typically covered in bark, moss, or branches with leaves, depending on the season. Community builders left a hole in the center of the roof for the smoke of the fire to travel to the sky. A wigwam is a traditional home of the Ojibwe and other Indigenous nations. Read more<\/a>.[\/anno] nearby. I saw the [anno]stars and stripes{note}It is unclear who Du Vernet saw flying the American flag. They may have been American Ojibwe, or American Indians as Du Vernet called them. Read more<\/a>.[\/anno] flying on two of these wigwams on the Canadian reserve. A large [anno]boom{note}A connected line of timber extended across a river that is designed to retain floating logs to move them on to lumber mills.[\/anno] passed logs which were sorted and passed through into different booms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At about noon on July 14th we reached [anno]Boucherville{note}Boucherville was a small Euro-Canadian settlement along the Rainy River, just west of the Long Sault Rapids. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno] where Reverend [anno]Jeremiah Johnston{note}Jeremiah Johnston was an ordained Anglican missionary of Swampy Cree background, and Du Vernet\u2019s host on the Rainy River. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Reverend Jeremiah Johnston (wearing the Victoria Cross) with Mr. Richardson at Long Sault, Rainy River, Ontario, ca. 1925. Minnesota Historical Society.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno], who brought an [anno]Indian{note}Du Vernet was referring to Charlie, an Ojibwe canoe guide who ferried him and Johnston through the rapids of the Rainy River. Read more<\/a>.[\/anno]and a canoe with him, came aboard the [anno]steamer{note}A steam powered boat used by Europeans to travel the Lake of the Woods and the Rainy River in the late nineteenth century. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Itaska and Agwinde, two steamers that operated on Rainy River and Lake of the Woods, 1890. Courtesy of the Virtual Reference Library.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno]. It was decided that we could go on to [anno]Little Forks{note}Little Forks was the most easterly of the seven Rainy River reserves established by Treaty 3. Du Vernet spent the night here on July 14, at the home of the Bagshaws. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Little Forks Pow wow grounds. Photograph by Pamela Klassen, 2015.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno], so I hurriedly took some things out of my bag (including my [anno]camera{note}Du Vernet likely carried a box camera, a very popular type of camera at the turn of the twentieth century. Box cameras used \u201cdry glass plates\u201d as negatives, and worked best in brightly lit areas and when the photographer’s subject held still. [\/anno]) and sent the bag ashore at [anno]Long Sault{note}Long Sault was an Ojibwe reserve at the midpoint of the Rainy River. The site’s Indigenous history goes back millennia and is still the location of ancient burial mounds. The Ojibwe occupied the site since the late eighteenth century and in 1873, under Treaty 3, the Canadian government made the site an Indian Reserve. It remains a painful memory for the people of the Rainy River First Nations that the government forced people from their homes at Long Sault and the other Rainy River Reserves 1914 and 1915, amalgamating all five other reserves at Manitou Rapids. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Long<\/a>
An image of the Long Sault School, an Anglican missionary school, on display at the Chapple Museum in Chapple, Ontario. Photograph by Pamela Klassen, 2015.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno] (pronounced \u201csoo\u201d), which we reached at about 1 p.m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was exactly two years to the day<\/p>\n\n\n\n

since Mr. Johnston landed there. On the steamer we had a long talk over the mission, notes of which I have jotted down elsewhere. We reached Little Forks at about five in the evening and were welcomed by [anno]Mr. and Mrs. Bagshaw{note}Reginald Bagshaw was an Anglican lay missionary and teacher at Little Forks, between 1893-1907. He was married to Clara Bagshaw. Read more about Reginald <\/a>and Clara Bagshaw<\/a>.[\/anno]. Here I had my introduction to the pests of the River, the [anno]mosquitoes{note}Small, winged insects that draw blood when they bite and, as Du Vernet never tired of pointing out, are widespread along the Rainy River in July.[\/anno] and the \u201cbull-dog\u201d flies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The [anno]school-house{note}The school-house would have held a \u201cday school\u201d for Ojibwe children, run in the English language and with a colonial curriculum. Du Vernet notes that the school is a \u201cgovernment building\u201d to clarify that it is not administered by the church. That said, missionaries often tried, with some success, to hold church services in school-houses on reserves.  Read more about Little Forks and the school house there<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Detail of a colonial map from 1908 representing the Rainy River district. Little Forks is on the eastern end of the Rainy River. Courtesy of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno], a government building, occupies a fine position here, on the riverbank. Near it is the [anno]Catechist’s house{note} The Catechist\u2019s house was the house of the school-teacher. In many day schools on reserve, the government-appointed teacher was often also a Christian missionary. Read more about Little Forks and the Catechist house there<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Detail of a colonial map from 1908 representing the Rainy River district. Little Forks is on the eastern end of the Rainy River. Courtesy of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno], and six acres have been set apart for the mission. Mr. Bagshaw has some of it cleared, with a stable by the shore. The schoolhouse has a field cleared fairly well but with a few stumps which Mr. Bagshaw hopes to have as a play-ground when he can get the boys to take out the few remaining stumps. Some [anno]Church in Toronto{note}Churches in the south often sent castoffs and items they deemed to be cultural necessities to Indigenous missions. Thinking of these donations as charitable, they often remained unaware or uninterested in whether or not such items were desired by their recipients.[\/anno] promised a football which has not yet come. Mr. Bagshaw has an old [anno]bugle{note}A small trumpet-like brass instrument.[\/anno] which he uses to call the children to school.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As it was now after half-past five and I might not be there after five the next morning, I tried to get a photograph of the [anno]house{note}Bagshaw\u2019s house was in Little Forks, next to the school house. Read more<\/a>.[\/anno] and School house from the lower side. Some children came in a councillor (which is a type of canoe). By this time I had taken to my mosquito veil which I have found of great service although the mosquitoes get through now and again. The walk through the woods would have been unendurable but for my mosquito veil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Little Forks sign at the Rainy River Pow Wow grounds.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The [anno]Indian guide{note}Du Vernet was referring to Charlie, an Ojibwe canoe guide who ferried him and Johnston through the rapids of the Rainy River. Read more<\/a>.[\/anno]came to tea with us and was very well behaved. When asked to have some lettuce he declined [anno]saying in Indian \u201cthe rabbits eat that.\u201d{note}Du Vernet frequently narrates jokes exchanged between Ojibwe people and the missionaries, including some that make fun of him. These joking moments can be contrasted with his stories of times when Ojibwe people respond to his presence with silence, door-slamming, or outright anger.[\/anno] Later when he took some raspberries Mr. Bagshaw said in Indian \u201cthe bears eat that.\u201d He laughed. We had family [anno]prayers{note}Both Christian and Ojibwe people use prayer as a means of spiritual communication. Read more<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Book of Common Prayer translated into Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwe). Courtesy of anglican.org.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

[\/anno] at about 10:30 and I gave a short [anno]Bible Reading{note}The bible–in both Ojibwe and English language versions–is a prominent character in Du Vernet\u2019s diary. He tells many stories of times when the bible is a book that people read together, both in church services and in home devotions. He also sprinkles his entries with references to specific biblical passages to better explain himself.[\/anno] on daily learning, daily surrender, daily trusting. Mr. Johnston followed after I had offered up the first prayer. It was a time of retreating for us all, especially Mr. and Mrs. Bagshaw who so seldom have [anno]Christian{note}When Du Vernet writes \u201cChristian\u201d, he usually means an Anglican, or a person who was baptized in the Church of England. Read more<\/a>.[\/anno] fellows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mr. Johnston and I slept in the same bed. The mosquitoes were rather plentiful when I wakened, before five. The Keenora whistled for us but Mr. Bagshaw who was up waved them on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
\n
\u00ab EPISODE 3: ON THE TRAIN<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
EPISODE 5: THE STORY OF THE OLDER INDIAN WOMAN \u00bb<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
| \u00ab RETURN TO DIARY OVERVIEW<\/a><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Click on the \u201cplay\u201d button to hear the diary episode read aloud, and click on the [anno]green tab[\/anno] to learn more about a word or phrase.Find Du Vernet on a map. At 10 P.M. I went to bed on the [anno]Keenora{note}The S.S. Keenora was a steamer built in 1897 to carry passengers and cargo up and down […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-episodes","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nEpisode 4: Along the River | Kiinawin Kawindomowin \u2014 Story Nations<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/storynations.preview.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php\/along-the-river\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Episode 4: Along the River | Kiinawin Kawindomowin \u2014 Story Nations\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Click on the \u201cplay\u201d button to hear the diary episode read aloud, and click on the [anno]green tab[\/anno] to learn more about a word or phrase.Find Du Vernet on a map. 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At 10 P.M. I went to bed on the [anno]Keenora{note}The S.S. 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