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Kiinawin Kawindomowin — Story Nations

The diary of a missionary on Ojibwe land

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Episode 14: Visiting the Tents

https://storynations.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/14_Visiting-The-Tents.mp3

Click on the “play” button to hear the diary episode read aloud, and click on the green tab 1 to learn more about a word or phrase.
Find Du Vernet on a map.

Beyond this we came across an old Indian 2 sitting under a shade tent making canoe ribs. He was the only Indian we saw working 3 while on this tour round the houses. He seemed an interesting old man and we tried to bring some truth home to his mind 4 .

The cover of the Canadian Church Missionary Gleaner.

When Mr. Johnston 5 took up the crooked knife and began whittling, the old man said he seemed to know how to use the knife. “Why not, I am an Indian 6 ” was Mr. Johnston’s reply. The old man showed me his flint, steel, and tinder in his bag and struck a light in a few moments. They use matches now but this they still keep in case of being without matches. He seemed interested in hearing that I had come from the east a long way and was going on to the mountains. When he heard I was writing for a paper 7  and was glad to see all I could about their ways he grunted an exclamation of approval. I shall long remember this old man. He asked me to come more under his shade.

Returning down the reserve we visited John Cochrane’s summer house. John is the father of 3 children who were baptized, while he is still a heathen 8 . The house is a regular square shape, made with a ridge pole and cross pieces. These are covered with bark, and there is a stove pipe here. Inside, the stove with a stove pipe and two beds, and a swing 9 for the little girl. On going outside, we saw a woman stirring flour in a big dish, and large round cakes of dough 10 . Three sticks held up a kettle outside.

A little Indian boy with a plate, cup and saucer sat under a shade tent taking his tea 11 off the ground. Half-a-day Charlie 12 ‘s father said he was very glad to me see me going round to visit their tents.

[July 18th, 1898]

Black-and-white photo of birch bark canoes
Finished birch bark canoes at Le Clair, Lake of the Woods, photographed during the Minnesota Zoological Survey by Ulysses S. Cox. Courtesy of Minnesota Historical Society.

« EPISODE 13: FOLLOWING THE TOM TOM
EPISODE 15: INSIDE THE MEDICINE TENT »

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Next Post: Episode 11: The Morning Service »

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  1. X
    green tab
  2. X
    Indian

    Du Vernet constantly refers to the Ojibwe peoples he encounters as “Indians” – his use of the word reflects the language and concepts of his day. Though the category of “Indian” was a legal designation in Canada because of the “Indian Act,” as a name for Indigenous people it originated in a profound error. As the story goes, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492 he believed he had arrived in India – and therefore called the peoples he encountered Indians, ignoring their diverse languages, spiritual traditions, and forms of governance. Read more.

    A section of the 1876 Indian Act. Courtesy of Early Canada Online.

  3. X
    only Indian we saw working

    In noting that the man making canoe ribs was the only person he saw working while walking through the reserve that day, he ignores the woman cooking bannock over a stove, whom he describes a couple paragraphs later.

  4. X
    bring some truth home to his mind

    In other words, Du Vernet tried to persuade the old man of the “truth” of the Christian faith.

  5. X
    Mr. Johnston

    Jeremiah Johnston was an ordained Anglican missionary of Swampy Cree background, and Du Vernet’s host on the Rainy River. Read more.

    Reverend Jeremiah Johnston (left) with Mr. Richardson at Long Sault, Rainy River, Ontario, ca. 1925. Courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society.

  6. X
    I am an Indian

    According to Du Vernet’s telling, the Ojibwe man who conveys surprise at Jeremiah’s carving ability prompts Jeremiah to self-identify as an “Indian.” This suggests that Johnston’s Cree background and Anishinaabemowin language ability did not always outweigh his Christian missionary identity for his Ojibwe neighbours. It also raises the question that we don’t always know when Du Vernet records a conversation whether or not he heard it in Anishinaabemowin, which Johnston translated for him. In this case, the use of the word “Indian” suggests that the conversation was in English.

  7. X
    paper

    Du Vernet was referring to The Gleaner, a religious periodical he wrote for. Read more.

    Page of the Gleaner. Frederick Herbert DuVernet Fonds

  8. X
    heathen

    Heathen is a derogatory term, often used by Christians claiming moral and religious superiority over others they regard as lacking morality and religion.
    The word heathen comes up eleven times throughout Du Vernet’s diary. Casually yet consistently, Du Vernet refers to the Ojibwe he preaches to as heathens. Du Vernet’s diary also provides examples of other missionaries, such as Mr. and Mrs. Johnston, referring to the Ojibwe and their cultural practices as “heathen.” Read more.

    The Gospel according to St. Matthew: English and Ojibway Versions in Parallel Readings. Courtesy of York Auxiliary Bible Society.

  9. X
    swing

    This swing that Du Vernet makes mention of is referred to as wewebizon, or a cradle swing. It is of traditional Indigenous use for young children to sleep in but would have confused Du Vernet as to its purpose.

  10. X
    cakes of dough

    The woman stirring flour was likely John Cochrane’s wife. What Du Vernet called large cakes of dough were likely bannock, or fry-bread. If any readers know more about who this woman might be, please let us know.

  11. X
    tea

    Du Vernet often mentions taking tea with fellow missionaries and a number Ojibwe men and women. In keeping with English tradition, he likely meant a small meal involving a hot drink.

  12. X
    Charlie

    Charlie was an Ojibwe canoe guide who ferried Du Vernet and Johnston through the rapids of the Rainy River. Read more.

    Ernest Oberholtzer paddling in the Rainy Lake area with Billy MaGee (?), ca. 1912. Courtesy of Minessota Historical Society.