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Kiinawin Kawindomowin — Story Nations

The diary of a missionary on Ojibwe land

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Episode 3: On the Train

https://storynations.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/03_On-The-Train-1.mp3

Click on the green tab 1 to learn more about a word or phrase.
Find Du Vernet on a map.

Tuesday, July 12:

The tracks of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Photograph by Pamela Klassen, 2015.

We arrived at Biscotasing 2 in the Diocese of Moosonee 3 at about 8:30. We saw the little Church where the Reverend J. Sanders 4 holds service. Mr. and Mrs. Sadler came to the station to see me. It is a lumber town on a pretty lake 5 . Later in the day we passed Missinabie 6 , where we saw another little Church where Mr. Sanders holds service. Many Indians 7 were camping by the lake here.

The trip around Jack Fish Bay 8 between 7 and 8 p.m. was most delightful. We could see Jack Fish as we got round to the other side, the water is 900 ft. deep.

Wednesday, July 13:

8 a.m. We are at Ignace 9 , a divisional point 10 . There are Indians here, part of the Wabigoon mission 11 .

We passed Dinorwic, and Wabigoon. The reserve is on Little Wabigoon Lake, south of Dinorwic station. At Eagle River 12 we saw two pretty little falls, and at Vermilion Bay 13 , we saw the wide expanse of Eagle Lake. 14 There is a reserve on this Lake 15 .

At about 1 p.m. we reached Rat Portage 16 and I called upon Mrs. John Chambers 17 (of the Church of England). Mr. Pither 18 (who was for 27 years an Indian Agent 19 ; it has been 61 years since he was first connected with the Hudson’s Bay 20 ) was not in when I called. I later learnt some valuable news from him, and also from Fred Carriff 21 . I saw Indians buying things in the shops, some whom had received their treaty money 22 , 5$ per head.

Mr. Page 23 was not at home so I went into St. Alban’s Church 24 . It was an intensely hot day. I went to Russel House 25 for tea 26 (which was 25 cents) and spent the evening with Mr. Pither (upon whom I had called twice and not found at home). He showed me the stone heads 27 of bow men’s arrows and spears, and a copper chisel 28 , which he had taken out of a mound 29 on his property on Rainy River. I also saw here the most beautiful beadwork 30 , which was transparent and done on a frame of strings, as well as a short, thick, Roman-looking sword from the battle of Cullodin 31 .

Pither’s Point.

« EPISODE 2: JAMES TAYLOR ROGERS’S STORY
EPISODE 4: ALONG THE RIVER »

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  1. X
    green tab
  2. X
    Biscotasing

    A lumber town by Lake Biscotasi in North Eastern Ontario, located on the railway line.

  3. X
    Diocese of Moosonee

    A diocese is a unit of administration within the Church. It covers a certain geographical area and is managed by a bishop. The Anglican Diocese of Moosonee covers 560,000 square kilometers on the border of what is now northern Ontario and northwestern Quebec.

  4. X
    Reverend J. Sanders

    John Sanders was an Ojibwe Anglican clergyman. He could speak Ojibwe and translated several Anglican texts, including the Book of Common Prayer, into Anishinaabemowin. Read more.

  5. X
    pretty lake

    Lake Biscotasi, in eastern Ontario, north of Lake Huron.

  6. X
    Missinabie

    Missinabie is a small community to the northeast of Lake Superior. In the late nineteenth century there was a large mining and lumber industry presence in the town.

  7. X
    Indians

    Du Vernet constantly refers to the Ojibwe peoples he encounters as “Indians” — his use of the word reflects the language and concepts of his day. The category of “Indian” became a legal designation in Canada with the “Indian Act.” As a distorting collective noun for diverse Indigenous peoples the category of Indian originated in a profound error. As the story goes, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492 he believed he had arrived in India – and therefore called the peoples he encountered Indians, ignoring their diverse languages, spiritual traditions, and forms of governance. Read more.

    A section of the 1876 Indian Act. Courtesy of Early Canada Online.

  8. X
    Jack Fish Bay

    Jackfish Bay is on the north shore of Lake Superior, about 250 km east of Thunder Bay. Several small lake trout and whitefish fisheries operated out of the bay.

  9. X
    Ignace

    Ignace is a railway town in northwestern Ontario that was founded in 1879. When the Canadian Pacific Railway was built through northern Ontario, the town became a divisional point for trains to refuel with water and coal. 

  10. X
    divisional point

    A railway stop in the steam engine era that contained basic amenities like a passenger station or refueling material.

  11. X
    Wabigoon mission

    An Anglican mission attached to the Wabigoon Ojibwe reserve established under Treaty 3 in 1873. Learn more about the Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation.

  12. X
    Eagle River

    A community on the edge of Eagle Lake. The railroad passes through it.

  13. X
    Vermilion Bay

    A community on the edge of Eagle Lake and close to Eagle River town. The railroad passes through it.

  14. X
    Eagle Lake.

    A lake in northwestern Ontario. The communities of Eagle River and Vermilion Bay are on its northern shore.

  15. X
    reserve on this Lake

    The Eagle Lake Reserve is a Saulteaux reserve established by Treaty 3 in 1873 in northwestern Ontario, on the northern shore of Eagle Lake.

  16. X
    Rat Portage

    Rat Portage was a town on the northerly tip of Lake-of-the-Woods. Rat Portage began as a fur trade post in the early nineteenth century and was connected to the railway in the 1870s. In 1902, Rat Portage was amalgamated into the city of Kenora. The Obashkaandagaang and Wauzhushk Onigum First Nation Reserves are neighbours to Kenora today. Read more.

    Black-and-white photograph of a parade on Main Street in Rat Portage.
    Jubilee Parade passing down Main Street in Rat Portage, 1897. Courtesy of the Virtual Reference Library.

  17. X
    Mrs. John Chambers

    We have not been able to find more about Mrs. John Chambers. If any readers have any information about Mrs. John Chambers, please contact us.

  18. X
    Mr. Pither

    Mr. Pither worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company before joining the Department of Indian Affairs. He was Indian Agent for the Couchiching (Fort Frances) Agency from 1874 to 1888, and Indian Agent for the Rat Portage Agency from 1888 to 1891. Read more.

    Robert Pither. Courtesy of the Manitoba Historical Society .

  19. X
    Indian Agent

    Indian agents were government officials who enforced the Indian Act of 1876, with an emphasis on assimilation and conversion. Read more

    House of the farmer in charge at Manitou Rapids Reserve in Ontario, Canada, 1920. Courtesy of Minnesota Historical Society.

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  20. X
    Hudson’s Bay

    The Hudson’s Bay Company was a British trading corporation that became one of the largest colonizing agents in Canada, and whose posts became the home base for both fur traders and missionaries.

  21. X
    Fred Carriff

    We have not been able to find out to find more about Fred Carriff. If any readers have any information about Fred Carriff, please contact us.

  22. X
    treaty money

    The Treaty #3 annual meeting at Assabaskashing Reserve on Lake of the Woods. Courtesy of the Ontario Catholic School Trustee’s Association.

    Treaty 3, signed between Ojibwe chiefs and the Crown in 1871, promised the Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario an annual five dollar payment and other “benefits” like oxen, flour, trade tools, and other such goods. Read more. Read one of our student essays on Treaty 3 here.

  23. X
    Mr. Page

    John Walter Bowden Page was an Anglican deacon and patron of St. Alban’s, in Rat Portage. Originally from England, Mr. Page travelled to Canada, and graduated from St. John’s College in Manitoba with a Bachelors of Arts and a Bachelors of Divinity in 1888. In that same year he married Ada Jesse Adams, the daughter of senior Hudson’s Bay Company executive. They had a child together in 1890, in Rat Portage. By 1906, Mr. Page had returned to England. He would later serve as Chaplain to the Canadian Infantry Division during the First World War.

  24. X
    St. Alban’s Church

    St Alban’s is an Anglican church in Rat Portage, first built in 1884. In 1893 the church burnt down in a fire and a new church was built on the same site a year later. In 1917, this second building also burnt down, and a new stone church was built in 1917 which still exists to this day.

  25. X
    Russel House

    A hotel in Rat Portage.

  26. X
    tea

    Du Vernet often mentions taking tea with fellow missionaries and a number of Ojibwe men and women. In keeping with English tradition, he likely meant a small meal involving a hot drink.

  27. X
    stone heads

    Before European contact, Indigenous people typically made their arrowheads and other tools and weapons out of stone. Following the arrival of Europeans, Indigenous peoples increasingly used metal materials.

  28. X
    copper chisel

    A tool used for carving or cutting hard materials like wood. Archaeologists have found tools at Long Sault with a chisel-like edge made of copper. They attribute these tools to the “Woodland period,” an archaeological classification of Indigenous cultures that spans from roughly 1000 BCE to European contact.

  29. X
    mound

    The Manitou Burial Mounds, a national historic site cared for today by the Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung Historical Center and the Rainy River First Nation, date back as far as the time of the Laurel Peoples (300 B.C.E. – 1100 C.E.). Read more.

    One of the Manitou Mounds. Photograph by Pamela Klassen, 2015.

  30. X
    beadwork

    Anishinaabe beadwork, usually accomplished by women, features intricate patterns of beads or quills strung or sewn onto fabric or hides. Beaded patterns include floral imagery and symbols from creation stories, and adorn a wide range of useful objects, such as cradleboards and moccasins. Read more.

  31. X
    battle of Cullodin

    A large battle fought in Britain in 1745 that ended the Jacobite Uprising. It is hard to say whether Mr. Pither’s sword was actually from this battle.